Tutorial by Roshan

Hybridization Hybridization Hybridization is a process where fertilization is done in two plants or two different species of animals and new plant or new animal is produced. The children born through this process are called hybrids. The term 'hybridism' is also used in other places, such as- Biodiversity Rainforest biodiversity is a term created by coincidence of life and diversity, which usually refers to the diversity and variability of life on Earth. According to the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), biodiversity biodiversity typically measures the level of diversity of genetic, species, and ecosystem. Biodiversity signifies the health of any biological system. Life on Earth is present in millions of unique biological species. In 2010, the International Year of Biodiversity, has been declared. Cellular circulation Hybrid cells are obtained from the reconstruction of somatic cell compounding physiological cells. Generates normal human filament cells o...

Magnet Magnet Magnet is a substance or object that generates magnetic fields. The magnetic field is invisible and the main properties of the magnet - this is due to the attractiveness of drawing magnetic substances nearby and attracting or replacing other magnets. Types of magnet Some magnets are also found naturally but most magnetism are produced. The magnet produced can be of two types: Permanent magnet The magnetic field generated by them is obtained without any external electrical current. And under normal circumstances there remains no shortage. (They have to make special arrangements to dabotagite (D-magnetize). These are made from so-called hard (hard) magnetic materials. There are also several types of these: Metallic element magnet (eg some iron ore, cobalt, nickel etc.) Mixed or composite (ferrite magnet, alnico magnet) Sparse Soil Soil (Samaria-Cobalt Magnets, Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnets) Single-molecule magnet and single-chain magnets Nan...

Synthetic fibers Synthetic fibers are yarn or fibers that are naturally produced (animals and plants) but not artificially produced. Generally speaking, the yarn is made by sending forces that are composed of some thin holes. History The idea of ​​artificially producing yarn (fiber, fiber) was first raised in the mind of an English scientist Robert Hook. It is mentioned in his book, Micrographia, published in 1664 AD. After this, in 1734 AD a French scientist spoke of making synthetic yarn from resins; But it could not be given any practical form. For the first time in 1842 AD, British scientist Louis Schwab invented the artificial yarn machine. In this machine, fine porous tiles (nozzles) were used, through which the liquid derived was converted into a yarn. This is the main principle of today's machines that make yarns. Schwab had made a cotton yarn from the glass; But he was not satisfied with it. He appealed to British scientists to find good substances for making artific...

paint Paint contains liquid which is plated at the bottom of various objects in the form of a thin layer. Paint or perl is liquid or semicondilateral material which is plated at the bottom of various objects in the form of very thin layer. Later it sticks to the bottom in the form of a solid cover. The reason for turning into solids can be vaporization of the solvent, or chemical reactions, or both. Pigments and carrier mixes are added in grinding. For this purpose, many kinds of grinding mills are used. The characters in which they are mixed are made of either corrosive steel, or their inner part is made of stone, or porcelain. To keep it cool, it is a jacket or a system to give a splash. The methods of painting on the floor are different, such as by a shower, by placing the floor in a paint, or by brushing with a paste. The floor should remain clean in all circumstances. The paint which is used for wooden columns or furniture, and generally is of high quality. Such paints hav...

Benzene Or Duplex  Benzene Or Duplex  Benzene or Duplex is a hydrocarbon whose molecule is C6H6. The benzene molecule is composed of 6 carbon atoms which are connected to a ring and each carbon atom is connected to a hydrogen atom. Benzene is found naturally in gasoline (crude oil). Benzene is prepared in large amounts by the distillation of partial distillation of alkkara and alkare from dry distillation of coal. From the oil obtained from the illumination gas, in Faraday, 1825 AD. The first thing you did was get it. Mitscherle in 1834 It was derived from benzoic acid and named after it benzene The presence of its presence in Alkra first started in 1845 AD. Off Hoffman (Hoffman) did it. Benzene is called 'benzole' in Germany. Benzene is a colourless, sweet gland, highly inflammable fluid. It is used in the manufacture of chemical chemicals in large quantities such as ethyl banyan and cumin (quen). Since the octane number of benzene is high, so it is mixed up to a f...

POLYMER (पॉलीमर या बहुलक) POLYMER Polymers or polymers are organic compounds that are formed by polymerization of many units of many simple molecules called monomers. In other words: The long molecules that are formed by the combination of many simple molecules are called polymers, the simple molecules that form them are called monomers. "Such compounds with high molecular masses which are formed by mutually coinciding connections with many small atoms are called polymers," they are called macromolecules, which have high molecular masses, which are called polymers from small people. Process in which the coagulant molecules combine together to form polymorphism is called multilineation. Carrots played an important role in polymer synthesis, they synthesized many polymers by multiplying small particle molecules.

Elements X-ray spectra [X-ray spectra of Elements] X-ray spectra When the cathode rays fall on an element of high melting point, then x-rays arise, which gives the spectrum of the x ray of element when the diffraction of potassium ferro cyanide is given by the crystals x rays are the groups of lines in the spectrum, which are decreasing recurring In order of order, K, L, M, N groups say. X-Ray Spectrum  English scientific figures (Moseley, 1973) recorded the X-ray spectrum of many elements. And from their study it concluded that the elements of the characteristic x-rays v frequency and their atomic number Z have the following link:          √v = a (Z - b)  Where a proportional determinant and b is the determinant for a group of invariant x-rays, this relation is called the measured equation or the numerical rule. A straight line is found on the elements of √v and atomic numbers Z in the form of ele...

Discovery of atomic 'nucleus'  (scattering alpha particles) [Discovery of Nucleus (Scattering of Alpha Rays)] Discovery of atomic 'nucleus'  Alpha, Beta, and Gama rays :- To get detailed information on the internal structure of the atom, physical rhetorician Rutherford (1911) and his disciple Guyger and Marsden used the bombing of alpha particles on metal letters.  Rutherford placed a thin foil (0.0004 cm thick) of gold metal between the alpha-beam drum and a fluorescene curtain from Radium-C. And by examining the light of light generated at different places by falling on the screen of alpha particles by a microscope. Rutherford found that in the absence of gold foil, alpha-beam balloon moves in a straight line. And shaking with the curtain creates a small part of the shine, but keeping the golden foil on the path of alpha beam, brightness emerges in many places on the screen. Because of the dispersion or scattering of alpha particles by ...

Cathode rays and Discovery of Electron कैथोड किरणें तथा इलेक्ट्रॉन की खोज Cathode rays  S ir William Crooks (1879) found some rays of light green light on the cathode, which produced high bolts between two electrons in a gas filled with immersion tube in low pressure (1 / 1000mm), which were called cathode rays. Jean Perrin (1895) found the particles of cathode rays (-ive) charged: because it is composed of small (-ive) charged particles. Stoney named the particles as the unit of matter and gave the electron name. JJ Thomson (1897) determined the charge of the electron and weight ratio (e / m) of 1.76 * 1/100000000 per gm. This ratio does not depend on the nature of gas present in the substance of the immersion tube or the tube, which means that the electron e / m is the most universal constant and its value remains constant. Hence, it is known from this that these rays are always made of alkaline particles, which are called electrons.  Properties of...

Canal Rays and Discovery of Proton  कैनाल किरणें और प्रोटॉन की खोज  Canal Rays and Discovery of Proton                       G oldstein (1886) made it known that when light is immersed in gases on a low pressure in the immersion tube, which is perforated cathode, light comes out behind the cathode. They proved by experiment that a type of ray emitted from the cathode cavity and entering the area behind the cathode, there is a brightness behind the cathode. Goldstein named the rays of canal rays, because these rays emitted from cathode pores and moved on the other side. Canal Rays:                         The use of wine (1897) proved that the canal rays are made of concentrated particles. JJ Thomson named these rays 'Dhan Rays' because these rays are made of corona particles.  Properties of wealth rays (1) Canal rays move in ...

Discovery of Subatomic particles   [ उप परमाण्विक कणों की खोज ] Discovery of Subatomic particles Brief History -            1. In 1838 AD, Michael Faraday, while passing the wind in a tube filled with air, found that a light arc arises from the negative electrode (cathode) to the positive electrode (anode).           2. In 1857 AD, German scientist Henrik Gisler reduced the pressure more than the use of Faraday and found that instead of the light arc, the glass tube was filled with a glow.                          In this tube, he used to differentiate between some kilos of 100 kilo watts and this tube was called a gisler tube.                3 . In 1869 AD, the use of the above mentioned vacuum tubules, German scientist HitAf also found that in these experiments some cathode moves from the cat...

डाल्टन का परमाणुवाद  [Dalton's Atomic Theory]   Dalton described according to the law of infinity of matter , "Atom is the smallest inseparable particle of any element that participates in chemical verbs and in it, all the properties of that element remain present." Dalton's Atomic Theory According to this principle, atoms have the following characteristics: 1. Atom can not be divided. 2. During any chemical reaction, the atom can neither be produced nor destroyed. 3. All atoms of any one element are similar to each other in properties like mass, mass, etc. 4. The atoms of different elements are different. 5. Atoms together form a compound atom. 📝 The first word atom was used by Dalton and the word molecule was used by the locals. Properties and defects of Dalton's atom theory: a quality :- 1. From the atomic theory of Dalton the law of infinite can be explained. 2. It can be explained by the rules of chemical coincide...

Molar Volume of Gases [गैसों का मोलर आयतन]  Molar Volume of Gases Molar Volume of Gases The volume of one gram molecule mass or one mole molecule of a gas is 22.4 liters, which means 2 grams H 2 , 32 grams O 2 , 16 grams of NTP volume of CH 4 is 22.4 liters. This can be calculated like this. 📝 Vapor density = mass of one molecule of gas / mass of one molecule of H2  Or = 1 ml of gas on the NTP / mass of 1 ml H 2 over NTP Mass of 1 my H 2  on NTP = 0.0000897gm Mass of 1 ml gas = vapor density * 0.0000897 But vapor density * 0.0000897 gm gas volume = 1 ml 2 * density i.e. (molecular mass) volume of gram gas     = 1 * 2 * vapor density / vapor density * 0.0000897 ml  That is, the volume of a mole gas at NTP is 22.4 liter. 📝 With the help of gas analyzes, the chains of gases are determined. Example: to build NH 3 1 volume nitrogen + 3 volume hydrogen → 2 volume ammonia n molecule nitrogen + 3n hydrogen → 2n...

Avogadro's Hypothesis आवागेद्रो संकल्पना  Avogadro's Hypothesis Based on the concept of Dalton and Gallusak, Burginius told that -                                                                                      "The same amount of atoms in the same volume of gases should be equal in the same conditions of heat and pressure." But this assumption was contrary to Dalton's atomism. Believe there is a reactions -       H 2 + Cl 2 , → 2HCl                                                  That is, according to old atomism, 1 atom H 2 , 1 atom acts by Cl 2  and gives two combined atomic HCl. Therefore, 1 / ...

Dalton's Atomic Theory डाल्टन का परमाणु सिद्धांत Jhon Dalton (1766-1883)                                                                  Based on the rules of chemical coincidence, Greek philosopher John Dalton presented the atomic theory, with the main points of the following :- (a) Each element is made up of superficial inseparable particles called atoms. (b) All elements of an element are similar in size and properties but atoms of different elements are different. (c) The properties of the atoms of different elements are also different. (d) The atom is indestructible, i.e., in chemical reactions, atoms are neither produced nor destroyed. (e) The atoms of the elements together form together the compound atom and in the modern concept the word expresses the atomic molecule. (f) The relative numbe...