PETROLEUM (पेट्रोलियम) Petrol At some places in nature, a thick, viscous and dark colored liquid is found under the rock, which mainly contains aliphatic hydrocarbons up to C 1 to C 40 , this fluid is called refined oil or petroleum. The word petroleum is derived from the Latin words petra and olium which is found under rocks within the earth, hence it is also called mineral oil. Within the earth, this fluid floats above the salt solution. A gas atmosphere exists along with the floating petroleum inside the Earth, which is called natural gas. Petroleum is also called liquid gold. In the present era, this fluid is more valuable than gold for any nation. The progress of any nation depends to a large extent on how much petroleum it has. Its use is very important in various tasks like agricultural industry, traffic communication etc. This oil is found in the highest amount in the United States. Russia Venezuela is also found in greater quantities in Mexico, Burma etc. ...
Dalton's Atomic Theory
डाल्टन का परमाणु सिद्धांत
 |
| Jhon Dalton (1766-1883) |
Based on the rules of chemical coincidence, Greek philosopher John Dalton presented the atomic theory, with the main points of the following :-
(a) Each element is made up of superficial inseparable particles called atoms.
(b) All elements of an element are similar in size and properties but atoms of different elements are different.
(c) The properties of the atoms of different elements are also different. (d) The atom is indestructible, i.e., in chemical reactions, atoms are neither produced nor destroyed.
(e) The atoms of the elements together form together the compound atom and in the modern concept the word expresses the atomic molecule.
(f) The relative number of atoms in the composite atom formed and their type is fixed.
2. He does not explain the Burjillus hypothesis, which manifests that the same amount of atoms in the same volume of gases in equal conditions of heat and pressure is equal.
3. This principle does not explain the fact that why do atoms interact with each other and make molecules?
4. It does not light any light about the nature of forces in the physical states of the atom and molecules of solid, liquid and gas.
5. It does not explain the presence of isotopes and the volume rule of Gay-Lusac.
6. Why are the atoms of an element different in mass? It does not explain it.
2. The atomic mass of all atoms of the same element are not the same - after the discovery of isotopes, it has been proved that atoms of the same element can have atomic mass differentiated.
3. The mass of the atom of different elements can be identical - this fact has been prove by the search of compilers.
4. After the rise of nuclear chemicals, a nuclear atom has been made possible in the second atom.
5. Nuclear can also act as a fractional proportion among themselves. As such, this ratio is 12:22:11 in C12H22O11.
Although this point of Dalton atomism is still true that it is a small particle of atomic element which participates in chemical reactions.
(a) Each element is made up of superficial inseparable particles called atoms.
(b) All elements of an element are similar in size and properties but atoms of different elements are different.
(c) The properties of the atoms of different elements are also different. (d) The atom is indestructible, i.e., in chemical reactions, atoms are neither produced nor destroyed.
(e) The atoms of the elements together form together the compound atom and in the modern concept the word expresses the atomic molecule.
(f) The relative number of atoms in the composite atom formed and their type is fixed.
Limitations of Dalton Atomic Doctrine
1. Differentiation in Atoms and Molecules - According to Dalton, the subtle unit of the formation of elements is atomic, while the subtle unit of yoga is a combined atom. In fact the composite atom that Dalton presented was the molecule. Later, the Awogradro named the word atom instead of the combined atom.2. He does not explain the Burjillus hypothesis, which manifests that the same amount of atoms in the same volume of gases in equal conditions of heat and pressure is equal.
3. This principle does not explain the fact that why do atoms interact with each other and make molecules?
4. It does not light any light about the nature of forces in the physical states of the atom and molecules of solid, liquid and gas.
5. It does not explain the presence of isotopes and the volume rule of Gay-Lusac.
6. Why are the atoms of an element different in mass? It does not explain it.
Present position of Dalton's Atomic Theory
1. Nuclear is not indivisible - the discovery of electrons, protons, neutrons and other sub-atomic particles has prove that atoms are not inseparable.2. The atomic mass of all atoms of the same element are not the same - after the discovery of isotopes, it has been proved that atoms of the same element can have atomic mass differentiated.
3. The mass of the atom of different elements can be identical - this fact has been prove by the search of compilers.
4. After the rise of nuclear chemicals, a nuclear atom has been made possible in the second atom.
5. Nuclear can also act as a fractional proportion among themselves. As such, this ratio is 12:22:11 in C12H22O11.
Although this point of Dalton atomism is still true that it is a small particle of atomic element which participates in chemical reactions.
Comments