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Petroleum

PETROLEUM (पेट्रोलियम) Petrol At some places in nature, a thick, viscous and dark colored liquid is found under the rock, which mainly contains aliphatic hydrocarbons up to C 1 to C 40 , this fluid is called refined oil or petroleum. The word petroleum is derived from the Latin words petra and olium which is found under rocks within the earth, hence it is also called mineral oil. Within the earth, this fluid floats above the salt solution. A gas atmosphere exists along with the floating petroleum inside the Earth, which is called natural gas. Petroleum is also called liquid gold. In the present era, this fluid is more valuable than gold for any nation. The progress of any nation depends to a large extent on how much petroleum it has. Its use is very important in various tasks like agricultural industry, traffic communication etc. This oil is found in the highest amount in the United States. Russia Venezuela is also found in greater quantities in Mexico, Burma etc. ...
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Petroleum

PETROLEUM (पेट्रोलियम) Petrol At some places in nature, a thick, viscous and dark colored liquid is found under the rock, which mainly contains aliphatic hydrocarbons up to C 1 to C 40 , this fluid is called refined oil or petroleum. The word petroleum is derived from the Latin words petra and olium which is found under rocks within the earth, hence it is also called mineral oil. Within the earth, this fluid floats above the salt solution. A gas atmosphere exists along with the floating petroleum inside the Earth, which is called natural gas. Petroleum is also called liquid gold. In the present era, this fluid is more valuable than gold for any nation. The progress of any nation depends to a large extent on how much petroleum it has. Its use is very important in various tasks like agricultural industry, traffic communication etc. This oil is found in the highest amount in the United States. Russia Venezuela is also found in greater quantities in Mexico, Burma etc. ...
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Hybridization

Hybridization Hybridization Hybridization is a process where fertilization is done in two plants or two different species of animals and new plant or new animal is produced. The children born through this process are called hybrids. The term 'hybridism' is also used in other places, such as- Biodiversity Rainforest biodiversity is a term created by coincidence of life and diversity, which usually refers to the diversity and variability of life on Earth. According to the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), biodiversity biodiversity typically measures the level of diversity of genetic, species, and ecosystem. Biodiversity signifies the health of any biological system. Life on Earth is present in millions of unique biological species. In 2010, the International Year of Biodiversity, has been declared. Cellular circulation Hybrid cells are obtained from the reconstruction of somatic cell compounding physiological cells. Generates normal human filament cells o...
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Polymer

POLYMER (पॉलीमर या बहुलक) POLYMER Polymers or polymers are organic compounds that are formed by polymerization of many units of many simple molecules called monomers. In other words: The long molecules that are formed by the combination of many simple molecules are called polymers, the simple molecules that form them are called monomers. "Such compounds with high molecular masses which are formed by mutually coinciding connections with many small atoms are called polymers," they are called macromolecules, which have high molecular masses, which are called polymers from small people. Process in which the coagulant molecules combine together to form polymorphism is called multilineation. Carrots played an important role in polymer synthesis, they synthesized many polymers by multiplying small particle molecules.
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Discovery of Subatomic particles

Discovery of Subatomic particles   [ उप परमाण्विक कणों की खोज ] Discovery of Subatomic particles Brief History -            1. In 1838 AD, Michael Faraday, while passing the wind in a tube filled with air, found that a light arc arises from the negative electrode (cathode) to the positive electrode (anode).           2. In 1857 AD, German scientist Henrik Gisler reduced the pressure more than the use of Faraday and found that instead of the light arc, the glass tube was filled with a glow.                          In this tube, he used to differentiate between some kilos of 100 kilo watts and this tube was called a gisler tube.                3 . In 1869 AD, the use of the above mentioned vacuum tubules, German scientist HitAf also found that in these experiments some cathode moves from the cat...
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Dalton's Atomic Theory

डाल्टन का परमाणुवाद  [Dalton's Atomic Theory]   Dalton described according to the law of infinity of matter , "Atom is the smallest inseparable particle of any element that participates in chemical verbs and in it, all the properties of that element remain present." Dalton's Atomic Theory According to this principle, atoms have the following characteristics: 1. Atom can not be divided. 2. During any chemical reaction, the atom can neither be produced nor destroyed. 3. All atoms of any one element are similar to each other in properties like mass, mass, etc. 4. The atoms of different elements are different. 5. Atoms together form a compound atom. 📝 The first word atom was used by Dalton and the word molecule was used by the locals. Properties and defects of Dalton's atom theory: a quality :- 1. From the atomic theory of Dalton the law of infinite can be explained. 2. It can be explained by the rules of chemical coincide...
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Molar Volume of Gases

Molar Volume of Gases [गैसों का मोलर आयतन]  Molar Volume of Gases Molar Volume of Gases The volume of one gram molecule mass or one mole molecule of a gas is 22.4 liters, which means 2 grams H 2 , 32 grams O 2 , 16 grams of NTP volume of CH 4 is 22.4 liters. This can be calculated like this. 📝 Vapor density = mass of one molecule of gas / mass of one molecule of H2  Or = 1 ml of gas on the NTP / mass of 1 ml H 2 over NTP Mass of 1 my H 2  on NTP = 0.0000897gm Mass of 1 ml gas = vapor density * 0.0000897 But vapor density * 0.0000897 gm gas volume = 1 ml 2 * density i.e. (molecular mass) volume of gram gas     = 1 * 2 * vapor density / vapor density * 0.0000897 ml  That is, the volume of a mole gas at NTP is 22.4 liter. 📝 With the help of gas analyzes, the chains of gases are determined. Example: to build NH 3 1 volume nitrogen + 3 volume hydrogen → 2 volume ammonia n molecule nitrogen + 3n hydrogen → 2n...
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Limitations of Dalton's Atomic Theory

Dalton's Atomic Theory डाल्टन का परमाणु सिद्धांत Jhon Dalton (1766-1883)                                                                  Based on the rules of chemical coincidence, Greek philosopher John Dalton presented the atomic theory, with the main points of the following :- (a) Each element is made up of superficial inseparable particles called atoms. (b) All elements of an element are similar in size and properties but atoms of different elements are different. (c) The properties of the atoms of different elements are also different. (d) The atom is indestructible, i.e., in chemical reactions, atoms are neither produced nor destroyed. (e) The atoms of the elements together form together the compound atom and in the modern concept the word expresses the atomic molecule. (f) The relative numbe...
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Law of Gaseous Volumes : Gay-Lussac

Law of Gaseous Volumes : Gay-Lussac (गैसीय आयतन का नियम : गेलुसाक) Law of Gaseous Volumes (a) According to this rule -     "When the gases interact with each other, they have a simple ratio in their volumes of action (when they are measured in the same circumstances)". Law of Gaseous Volumes (b)  (1) Consumes water from action between H 2 and O 2    -                                                                                      2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) → 2H 2 O (v) The above equation expresses that two volumes of H2 make two volumes of H2O by acting with one volume of O 2 . Other examples are as follows: - (2)                        ...
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Law of equivalent proportions OR Law of reciprocal proportions : (Richter)

Law of equivalent proportions OR Law of reciprocal proportions : (Richter) (तुल्य अनुपात का नियम अथवा   व्युत्क्रम अनुपात का नियम : रिक्टर) (a)   "The quantities of two elements A and B, which perform the same amount of third element C, have a simple multiplication ratio or ratio of integers." chemistry proportion law (b) This rule can be interpreted as follows - 1.) Nitrogen (A) and oxygen (B) act with hydrogen (C) and form NH3 and H2O. 2.) Perform 1 gram H, 4.66 grams N (in NH3) and 8 grams O (in H2O). Therefore, the ratio of the quantities of N and O acting with fixed amount of H                         = 4.66 / 8 = 0.583 3.) When N and O interact with each other, then the ratio of the quantities of N and O                         = 14/32 = 0.875 4.) Since,  0.875 = n * 0.583             ...
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Law of multiple proportions (Dalton)

Law of Multiple Proportions (Dalton)  गुणित अनुपात का नियम (डाल्टन) (a) According to this rule,                                              "When the two elements together make two or more chemical compounds, then a certain amount of an element that combines with different quantities of the other element has a simple math ratio." Law of Multiple proportion (b) Considered two elements A and B combine together to form two compounds. In these compounds, different amounts of B coincide with the fixed quantities of A. There is a simple math ratio in different quantities of these B, which coincide with a certain amount of A. (c ) Examples of the rules of mathematical ratios are as follows-   1.) The production of CO and O is produced by CO and O. In CO C: O is 12: 16, whereas C : O is 12: 32 in CO 2 or ratio of O in CO and CO 2   is ...
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Law of Constant Proportions (Proust-1799)

Law of Constant Proportions (Proust-1799) स्थिर अनुपात का नियम (प्राउस्ट,1799) (a) According to this rule, "In each chemical of a chemical compound the same elements are present and their mass ratio is also fixed or according to the mass of a compound the elemental composition is always fixed." Constant Proportion Law                              This rule was rendered by the East. They studied the natural and synthetic samples of  CuCO 3 and found that the combination of both samples is similar. (Cu = 51.4%, O = 38.8%, C = 9.7%) (b) This rule was revised by stas who composed compounds of various methods and found that compounds of the obtained compounds are similar. For example: -          1.) By heating CaCO 3 -                            CaCO 3 = CaO + CO 2     ...
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Laws of Chemical Combination

Laws of Chemical Combination ( रासायनिक संयोग के नियम ) When a continuous study of the chemical behavior of the substances, some conclusions were obtained on the basis of the received tests. The statements used to express these findings collectively represent the rules of chemical coincidence. (1.) Rule of mass conservation: (Lomonosov -1748,  Lavoisier -1774) Law of conservation of mass (Lomonosov -1748, Lavoisier-1774)  (a) According to this rule -  "When physical or chemical changes occur in the matter, then measuring the total amount of the body does not make any qualifying change." This rule can also be expressed in this way - "Due to any chemical reaction, the matter is neither produced nor destroyed, although its physical or chemical state changes in this process." (b) On the basis of this rule, the following findings are obtained for any reaction. - Total mass of factors just before reaction = total mass of products after reaction ...
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Molecule and Molecular Mass

Molecule and Molecular Mass (अणु तथा आण्विक द्रव्यमान ) Molecules   अणु (Molecule)   :- "The microscopic unit, which is coincidentally formed by a certain proportion of two or more atoms, which can remain in an independent state, is called a molecule." Molecule Structure :-                             To achieve the durability of various atoms, they form a molecule by combining them together. The sign used to display the molecule is called a formula. When only one type of atom is present in a molecule, then the molecule is called Homo atomic. If the molecule is composed of more than one type of atom, then it is called Hetroatomic molecule. Molecular mass: - The molecular mass of a molecule is the number that demonstrates that "a molecule of the compound is so heavy to the 1/12th part of an atom of the carbon." Molecular mass = mass of a molecule of a compound / mass of one atom ...
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The atomic mass experimental methods to determine the atomic mass

The atomic mass experimental methods to determine the atomic mass Chemistry Experiment 1. Dialogue and Petit Rules :-       According to this rule, for any metal -       Atomic mass * specific heat = 6.4 (approx.) With this help, almost atomic mass of metals can be detected. This rule applies only to metals. In this, the value of specific heat is stored in calories / grams - kelvin. 2. Canisro Method : -     The atomic mass of an element is the smallest quantity that can be present in any compound of that element. 3. Rule of Consumption : -  Crystal ionic compounds that have the same structure, are called aesthetic. And this process is called asymptomorphism. If the creator of a harmonic compound then the connectivity is the same. "In the harmonic compounds, the amount of two elements that act with other elements in proportion to their atom mass." 4. By the Vapour Density of the chloride of the element : - If a...
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Atom and Atomic Mass

Atom and Atomic Mass (   परमाणु तथा परमाणु द्रव्यमान  ) परमाणु (Atom)  :- The smallest part of an element that takes part in chemical reaction is called atom. Atoms of inert gases can remain in an independent state whereas atoms of other elements can not remain in independent state The symbol used to display the atom of an element is called a symbol The smallest atom is of hydrogen (H) at which the atomic mass is 1.008 amu (atomic mass unit) and atomic radius is approximately 0.931 angrstrom. Atomic Structure of Carban  Atomic Mass (परमाणु द्रव्यमान)  :- The atomic mass of an element is the number that demonstrates how many times the amount of an atom of that element is 6x12 times the mass of one atom of 6 c 12 . 📝 The mass of an atom of carbon is assumed to be 12.000 units. Formula for finding atomic mass - Atomic mass =   Mass of an atom of the element   /  1/12*12  Mass of an atom The ...
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Classification of matter

Classification of Matter  (द्रव्य का वर्गीकरण) Flow chart of classification of matter A) Physical classification:     On the basis of physical condition, matter is divided into three parts- 1. High -  solid concrete and the volume of their size is fixed. 2. Fluid -  The volume of the fluid is fixed but the shape of that vessel is fixed. Depends on the shape, in which it has been placed. 3. Gas -  Both the volume and size of matter in the gas gaseous state are uncertain and in this state the matter can spread to infinite. B) Chemical classification:  On the basis of chemical nature, matter is divided into three parts-  Element, compound and mixture 1) Element -  element is a substance which can not be further divided into material by physical or chemical methods (Elements are the substance that can not be decomposed in simpler substances either by physical or chemical changes). ...
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Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Regarding the study of the phenomenon or the object, it is called the Vidya Vignan to get complete knowledge through observation and interpretation. concepts of chemistry Rise of Chemistry:- Chemistry is called chemistry in the English language and the word is derived from chemia = black, Mishra was called alchemy in ancient times. In the language of the word Mian Mishra, the black soil of this country was indicative of the fact that chemistry was first developed in Egypt, hence the word chemistry was used for it. The composition of the universe: matter and energy The universe is made up of two factors - 1) Energy,                                   2) matter "The sum total of the universe and total energy of the universe is always stable." Interrelationship in matter and energy is expressed by Einstein equation E = mc2 and mas...
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