PETROLEUM (पेट्रोलियम) Petrol At some places in nature, a thick, viscous and dark colored liquid is found under the rock, which mainly contains aliphatic hydrocarbons up to C 1 to C 40 , this fluid is called refined oil or petroleum. The word petroleum is derived from the Latin words petra and olium which is found under rocks within the earth, hence it is also called mineral oil. Within the earth, this fluid floats above the salt solution. A gas atmosphere exists along with the floating petroleum inside the Earth, which is called natural gas. Petroleum is also called liquid gold. In the present era, this fluid is more valuable than gold for any nation. The progress of any nation depends to a large extent on how much petroleum it has. Its use is very important in various tasks like agricultural industry, traffic communication etc. This oil is found in the highest amount in the United States. Russia Venezuela is also found in greater quantities in Mexico, Burma etc. ...
Elements X-ray spectra
[X-ray spectra of Elements]
Elements X-ray spectra
[X-ray spectra of Elements]
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X-ray spectra |
When the cathode rays fall on an element of high melting point, then x-rays arise, which gives the spectrum of the x ray of element when the diffraction of potassium ferro cyanide is given by the crystals x rays are the groups of lines in the spectrum, which are decreasing recurring In order of order, K, L, M, N groups say.
X-Ray Spectrum
English scientific figures (Moseley, 1973) recorded the X-ray spectrum of many elements. And from their study it concluded that the elements of the characteristic x-rays v frequency and their atomic number Z have the following link:
√v = a (Z - b)
Where a proportional determinant and b is the determinant for a group of invariant x-rays, this relation is called the measured equation or the numerical rule.
A straight line is found on the elements of √v and atomic numbers Z in the form of elements, but a straight line is not obtained when drawing the graph in √v and atomic load. The use of the mosaic proved that the nuclear number is the fundamental property of the Z element and not the atomic weight.
Van den Brück (A. van den Broek, 1913) suggested that the number of money units located on an atomic nucleus is equal to the serial number ie atomic number Z in the periodic table of that element. Chadwick (J. Chadwick, 1920) proved by experiments that the amount of charge charge unit located on the atomic nucleus of an element is equal to the atomic number of the element. Therefore, the atomic number of an element is the number of units of money charged on the atomic nuclei of that element.
Organization of atomic nucleus
[Composition of Atomic Nucleus]
The central part of the atom in which the total amount of charge of the atom and the total mass remains concentrated is the atom's nucleus. The radius of the nucleus is approximately 10 to the power of -13 to 10 that ambush-12, whereas atoms of radius are roughly 10 to the power -8. The nucleus is very intense and firm in comparison to atom because almost all the mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus of very small volume. The volume of the nucleus is approximately 1/10 to the power 12 of the volume of the atom and the density of the nucleus is about 12 to 12 times the density of the atom.
Nucleus composition
The atomic nucleus is composed of protons and newton.
The distance between the nucleans in permanent nuclei is approximately 2f-3f (furmi, 1f = 10 to the power -13). Electrons are not in atomic nuclei, because the mass of the electron is negligible compared to proton and Newton's mass, almost all the mass of the nucleus is caused by protons and neutrons. The mass of the nucleus is due to protons and neutrons and the fund of the nucleus is due to the charge protons.
Atomic number
The amount of money charged on the atomic nuclei of an element is called the atomic number of that element. The amount of money charge units located on the atomic nucleus is equal to the number of protons present in the nucleus. So the number of protons present in the atomic nuclei of an element is the atomic number of that element. The atomic numbers of different elements are different. The number of protons in all the atoms of an element is identical. So the atomic number is the basic symptom of the elements. The atomic number of hydrogen is one, it means that the hydrogen atom has 1 proton in the nucleus. Atomic number of carbon is 6 and atomic number 11 of sodium.
Mass Number
The sum of the number of protons and newton present in an atom's nucleus is called that atomic mass number (A).
The mass of atom = number of protons in the nucleus (Z) the number of newton in the nucleus (N)
A = Z * N
The mass number of an atom represents the total number of nucleons present in the nucleus of that atom. The mass number is not the basic symptom of the element. The mass numbers of the atoms of an element can vary (isotopic) and the mass of the atoms of different elements can be equal (overload).
Relationship between atomic mass and mass number
Protons and Newton have mass around 1 amu. And compared to these, the mass of the electron is negligible. Therefore, atomic mass (or atomic weight) of an atom is almost equal to its mass number.
Atomic mass = mass number (A)
Atomic mass = Number of protons in the nucleus (Z)
The number of neutrons in the nucleus (N)
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