Petroleum

PETROLEUM (पेट्रोलियम)

Petrol

At some places in nature, a thick, viscous and dark colored liquid is found under the rock, which mainly contains aliphatic hydrocarbons up to C1 to C40, this fluid is called refined oil or petroleum.

The word petroleum is derived from the Latin words petra and olium which is found under rocks within the earth, hence it is also called mineral oil. Within the earth, this fluid floats above the salt solution. A gas atmosphere exists along with the floating petroleum inside the Earth, which is called natural gas.

Petroleum is also called liquid gold. In the present era, this fluid is more valuable than gold for any nation. The progress of any nation depends to a large extent on how much petroleum it has. Its use is very important in various tasks like agricultural industry, traffic communication etc.

This oil is found in the highest amount in the United States. Russia Venezuela is also found in greater quantities in Mexico, Burma etc. In India, it has been obtained in small quantities from some places in the states of Assam, Rajasthan and Gujarat. After independence, the Government of India established institutions to systematically explore oil in the entire country —

1.  Oil and Natural gas commission (तेल और प्राकृतिक गैस आयोग)
2. Indian Oil Corporation (भारतीय तेल निगम )

These institutions surveyed the entire country and found the oil deposits and the areas in which this oil is found. It was found from the survey that there is a stock of oil in about 1000000 square kilometers area at various sites all over the country. It is expected that in future India will become self-sufficient in the matter of oil and this can be counted among the nations exporting oil.

Although the composition of samples of petroleum obtained from different locations is the same, there may also be some variation in the proportion of their ingredients in samples of petroleum obtained from different locations.

ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM

The reason for the origin of petroleum and natural gas is not yet certain, many theories are prevalent to explain its origin, the main of which are the following —

1.Mendeleef's Theory (मेंडलीफ का सिद्धांत) :-

According to this theory, mineral oil originated from the reaction of water on a carbide under the earth. Metallic carbides are formed by combining metal and carbon under the earth. Moisson and Sabatier first obtained support for this theory from experiments. Moisson obtained various hydrocarbons by the action of various metallic carbidopa waters.
Sabatier obtained a petroleum-like liquid with the help of hydrogenation of acetylene and other pastoral actions in the presence of Nickel (Ni) which confirms this theory.The action of water on the causes of alkaline soil metal causes acetylene to be converted into a mixture of other aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons by the actions of hydrogenation and multiplication, a substance similar to petroleum.

4Al + 3C = Al4C3 (Aluminium carbide)
Ca + 2C = CaC2 (Calcium carbide)
Al4C3 + 12H2O = 3CH4 (methen) + 4Al(OH)3
CaC2 + 2H2O = C2H2 (aceteline) + Ca(OH)2
C2H2 + H2 = C2H4 (atheline)
3C2H2 = C6H6 (benzene)
3C2H4 = C6H12 (syclohexane)

Although this view is supported by the experiments of Moisson and Sabatier, it is unable to explain the presence of compounds of nitrogen and sulfur in mineral oils, chlorophyll and hemin and their compounds and polarity coefficients.

Petroleum Refining Plant