PETROLEUM (पेट्रोलियम) Petrol At some places in nature, a thick, viscous and dark colored liquid is found under the rock, which mainly contains aliphatic hydrocarbons up to C 1 to C 40 , this fluid is called refined oil or petroleum. The word petroleum is derived from the Latin words petra and olium which is found under rocks within the earth, hence it is also called mineral oil. Within the earth, this fluid floats above the salt solution. A gas atmosphere exists along with the floating petroleum inside the Earth, which is called natural gas. Petroleum is also called liquid gold. In the present era, this fluid is more valuable than gold for any nation. The progress of any nation depends to a large extent on how much petroleum it has. Its use is very important in various tasks like agricultural industry, traffic communication etc. This oil is found in the highest amount in the United States. Russia Venezuela is also found in greater quantities in Mexico, Burma etc. ...
Avogadro's Hypothesis
आवागेद्रो संकल्पना
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Avogadro's Hypothesis |
Based on the concept of Dalton and Gallusak, Burginius told that -"The same amount of atoms in the same volume of gases should be equal in the same conditions of heat and pressure."
But this assumption was contrary to Dalton's atomism. Believe there is a reactions -
H2 + Cl2, → 2HCl
That is, according to old atomism, 1 atom H2, 1 atom acts by Cl2 and gives two combined atomic HCl. Therefore, 1 / 2H2 atom and 1 / 2Cl2 atom can act together and give a combined atomic HCl. But according to Dalton's atomism, atom is inseparable. In fact, the concept of Burginius attracted the attention of scientists to the fact that there must be a difference between atom and the combined atom.
The interpretation of this paradox was interpreted by the locals who made a difference between the atom and molecule (the word which was used for the combined atom) and said that H2, Cl2 and HCl are atoms but not molecules, now the action of H2, Cl2 and HCl Interpretation can be of the following types:
H2 +Cl2 → 2HCl
That is, 1 atom is acting on 1, atom 1, and one molecule makes HCl. Based on this, the locals also modified the Burjianus hypothesis in the following way.
Features of the Tagore hypothesis -
1. Differentiation in atom and molecule - This theory makes a distinct difference in atom and molecule, which removes the discrepancies between Dalton atomism and the Gelusak volume rule.
2. This principle provides a method for determining the atomic mass of gaseous elements.
3. Based on this, the conclusion is that in normal elemental gases such as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine etc. are biomedical.
4. Molecular mass of gaseous substances and vapor density relation - Vapor density of a gas is equal to the proportion of the mass of the fixed volume of gas and equal mass of equal pressure and hydrogen gas at the same temperature. To wit
Vapor density (V. D.) = mass of the fixed volume of gas / equal pressure / mass of the volume of the hydrogen equal to the heat
= Mass of molecules of gas / mass of hydrogen n molecules
= Mass of one molecule of gas / mass of one molecule of hydrogen
= Mass of one molecule of gas / mass of one atom of H * 2
(• • A molecule hydrogen H2 = 2 atom H) and molecular mass of gas = mass of one atom of gas / mass of one atom of hydrogen
Vapor density (V. D.) = Molecular mass (M) / 2
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