PETROLEUM (पेट्रोलियम) Petrol At some places in nature, a thick, viscous and dark colored liquid is found under the rock, which mainly contains aliphatic hydrocarbons up to C 1 to C 40 , this fluid is called refined oil or petroleum. The word petroleum is derived from the Latin words petra and olium which is found under rocks within the earth, hence it is also called mineral oil. Within the earth, this fluid floats above the salt solution. A gas atmosphere exists along with the floating petroleum inside the Earth, which is called natural gas. Petroleum is also called liquid gold. In the present era, this fluid is more valuable than gold for any nation. The progress of any nation depends to a large extent on how much petroleum it has. Its use is very important in various tasks like agricultural industry, traffic communication etc. This oil is found in the highest amount in the United States. Russia Venezuela is also found in greater quantities in Mexico, Burma etc. ...
Synthetic fibers
Synthetic fibers are yarn or fibers that are naturally produced (animals and plants) but not artificially produced. Generally speaking, the yarn is made by sending forces that are composed of some thin holes.
History
The idea of artificially producing yarn (fiber, fiber) was first raised in the mind of an English scientist Robert Hook. It is mentioned in his book, Micrographia, published in 1664 AD. After this, in 1734 AD a French scientist spoke of making synthetic yarn from resins; But it could not be given any practical form. For the first time in 1842 AD, British scientist Louis Schwab invented the artificial yarn machine. In this machine, fine porous tiles (nozzles) were used, through which the liquid derived was converted into a yarn. This is the main principle of today's machines that make yarns. Schwab had made a cotton yarn from the glass; But he was not satisfied with it. He appealed to British scientists to find good substances for making artificial yarn. In 1845, Swiss chemist C.F. Shunben discovered nitro cellulose for the manufacture of synthetic yarn.
The first patent for the manufacture of artificial yarn was obtained by George Edemers in 1855. He used the inner part of mulberry and some other trees to produce artificial yarn. He first nitrated the inner part of the mulberry tree. Then prepare the mixture of rubber in addition to ether and liquor, in the solution. Then he used it to create artificial yarn. Two years later, E.J. Hugs found patents for the manufacture of synthetic yarn from some flexible substances such as starch, gletin, resins, tannins and fats. After this Joseph Swann did more work in this direction. Since then, so many scientists have done a lot of work in this area. As a result, many types of synthetic yarn are available in the market. Construction of artificial yarn in India started in 1950 AD
When the first initiative in the laboratory became artificial yarn, they were silk in appearance, tenderness and glow, though their firmness and durability were not equal to silk. Their tension strength was very low. Yet he was given the name of artificial silk. Until 1924, such man-made yarn was called artificial silk only. Later, the use of the word Rayyan for synthetic yarn began in the United States, and today the word Rayon is used only for artificial yarn in the whole world.In India, Pithoradad of Pithoragarh, who was a petroleum engineer, also by the artificial fiber Was invented but due to a short period of death, he could not make it a businessman.
Type
View of Ryan yarn close by
The main types of man-made yarn (fibers) are as follows-
1. Filament yarn - There are many fine non-filament (filament) in these threads, which are connected together with light spasms.
2. Monofilament - There is only one filament in it.
3. Staple - These are made of synthetic fibers and they are 7 to 15 inches long and uniform.
4. Tow - In it there are many unbroken fibers, in the form of a rope, they sit together, but there is no cramping and they remain parallel. The small toe ranges from 500 to 5000 Denier, while large to 75,000 to 5,00,000 deniers of tow.
5. Spun yarn - These threads are made by artificial fibers. Sometimes these artificial fibers are also made from a mixture of cotton, wool, jute, etc. of fibers.
The details of various sections of man-made artificial fibers, their industrial or commerce names, the basic materials needed for their construction and productive countries are as follows:
Class - Industrial Name - Basic Content - Manufacturer Countries
(A). Cellulose Rayon - Wood pulp - Many countries
(B). Natural Acetate - Cotton Liners and Wood Pulp - Many Countries, United States
Vicara - Mecca - Protein
Merinova - cassine - (from crushed milk) - Italy
Fibrolane kesin (from crushed milk) - United States
Alginate alginic acid, by sea grass - United Kingdom
(C). Synthetic fibers:
1. Polyamide Nylon 66 (Nylon 66) Hexamethylene Dimamine, United Kingdom, United States, Canada
Adipic acid
Amylon - Hexamiline diumin, adipic acid - Japan
Nylon 6 (Nylon 6), Parlen Caprallectam - Western Germany
Nylon 11 (Nylon 11) Sibasic Acid - France, Hungary,
Rilsan
2-polyester (Terylene) terethylic acid United States, Germany
3-Poly-Acrilic Orlon, Acrilon, Acrylnitril United States, England
Dynitril - Belgium, Canada, France, Western Germany etc.
Darlan, Jeffran - Polyethylan - England
4-polyethylene - Courlene - Italy
5-polypropylene - Moplen - vinyl chloride - United States
6-Polivinyl Acetate - Avisco Vinyon - Vinyl Alcohol - Japan
7-polyalcohol - Vinyon-vinylidine chloride and viril chloride - France Germany
8-polycleride - Rhovyl, Vininidine chloride and Vinyl chloride - Japan
9-trivinyl chloride (Pe Ce)
10-polyvinylidine chloride - Saran, virilidine chloride - United States, England, Japan, France
11-Polysterite Dobarna United States
12-Polytaphluor ethylene Teflon United States
(D). Mineral fiber (glass) silica sand, limestone
Industrial Application
The use of these man-made fibers is not limited to textile; But they also have many other industrial uses. Some main uses are:
Bubblefill
Viscose is made of fibers, in which the air is lascivious. It is used to make the insulator medium of life jacket, pontoon, raft and airborne costumes. Rayon is also used in making surgical dressing.
Cellulose acetate
Beautiful women wear beautiful clothes and bathrobes. It is also used for making tie, dressing gowns and collars for men. It has more dielectric strength. Hence it is also used as an insulator for electric wire and coil.
Tenasco and Fortisan
There are large-scale sedimentary fibers of tenacite. Tenasco is used in the construction of tires, carrier rails and ropes of motors and aircraft. In synthetic fibers, fertosis is the most vigorous; its firmness is 7 grams per danier. Its main use is to make tire ropes. It is widely used in making parachute cloth.
Alginate
The characteristic of these fibers is that they are flame proof due to the elemental alginets. Therefore they are used exclusively for the making of theaters with curtains and fire.
Nylon
Its firmness is also high (from 4.5 to 7 gram per denier). It is also used in making parachute cloth, rope, harness and glider rope. Monolithic (monofilament) Nylon is used to make teeth, clothes, hair and bottle cleaning brush and typewriter lace. Tarpaulins made of this are also very light and durable. Nylon is a great fit to make airplane gasoline tank. Nylon is a very suitable medium for filtering electroplating fluid, rock fluid and strong liquids. Nylon is also used in making carrier stripe. Nylon monouns are also made from surgical suture and ligature.
Vinian
This protects the filter pad and the chemical work of chemical workers. Due to being water resistant it is good use for making fishing nets and ropes.
Saran
It is inhibited enough for bacteria, insects and juices. Therefore, it has special use in making figurative curtains of musical, filtrate, motto and kitchen utensils. Saran cloth is also applied on the walls of art and cinemas, so that no cigarette smoke has any effect on them. By inserting Saran's lining in steel tubes, it becomes obstructive to the urinary tract. The use of polyvinyl chlorides is similar to Saran.
Orlan
It is used in the making of anode bag in the electric field.
Glass fiber
Due to its being a firefire, lifespan is suitable for boats and oil tanks. Stapulal fibers are suitable for glass cloth, electrolysis and heat dissociation.
Polythene
Due to chemical standing, it is widely used as a plastic. It also has special use in the supply of chemicals on the inventory or in the formation of chemical resistant tubes and holders.
Synthetic fibers are yarn or fibers that are naturally produced (animals and plants) but not artificially produced. Generally speaking, the yarn is made by sending forces that are composed of some thin holes.
History
The idea of artificially producing yarn (fiber, fiber) was first raised in the mind of an English scientist Robert Hook. It is mentioned in his book, Micrographia, published in 1664 AD. After this, in 1734 AD a French scientist spoke of making synthetic yarn from resins; But it could not be given any practical form. For the first time in 1842 AD, British scientist Louis Schwab invented the artificial yarn machine. In this machine, fine porous tiles (nozzles) were used, through which the liquid derived was converted into a yarn. This is the main principle of today's machines that make yarns. Schwab had made a cotton yarn from the glass; But he was not satisfied with it. He appealed to British scientists to find good substances for making artificial yarn. In 1845, Swiss chemist C.F. Shunben discovered nitro cellulose for the manufacture of synthetic yarn.
The first patent for the manufacture of artificial yarn was obtained by George Edemers in 1855. He used the inner part of mulberry and some other trees to produce artificial yarn. He first nitrated the inner part of the mulberry tree. Then prepare the mixture of rubber in addition to ether and liquor, in the solution. Then he used it to create artificial yarn. Two years later, E.J. Hugs found patents for the manufacture of synthetic yarn from some flexible substances such as starch, gletin, resins, tannins and fats. After this Joseph Swann did more work in this direction. Since then, so many scientists have done a lot of work in this area. As a result, many types of synthetic yarn are available in the market. Construction of artificial yarn in India started in 1950 AD
When the first initiative in the laboratory became artificial yarn, they were silk in appearance, tenderness and glow, though their firmness and durability were not equal to silk. Their tension strength was very low. Yet he was given the name of artificial silk. Until 1924, such man-made yarn was called artificial silk only. Later, the use of the word Rayyan for synthetic yarn began in the United States, and today the word Rayon is used only for artificial yarn in the whole world.In India, Pithoradad of Pithoragarh, who was a petroleum engineer, also by the artificial fiber Was invented but due to a short period of death, he could not make it a businessman.
Type
View of Ryan yarn close by
The main types of man-made yarn (fibers) are as follows-
1. Filament yarn - There are many fine non-filament (filament) in these threads, which are connected together with light spasms.
2. Monofilament - There is only one filament in it.
3. Staple - These are made of synthetic fibers and they are 7 to 15 inches long and uniform.
4. Tow - In it there are many unbroken fibers, in the form of a rope, they sit together, but there is no cramping and they remain parallel. The small toe ranges from 500 to 5000 Denier, while large to 75,000 to 5,00,000 deniers of tow.
5. Spun yarn - These threads are made by artificial fibers. Sometimes these artificial fibers are also made from a mixture of cotton, wool, jute, etc. of fibers.
The details of various sections of man-made artificial fibers, their industrial or commerce names, the basic materials needed for their construction and productive countries are as follows:
Class - Industrial Name - Basic Content - Manufacturer Countries
(A). Cellulose Rayon - Wood pulp - Many countries
(B). Natural Acetate - Cotton Liners and Wood Pulp - Many Countries, United States
Vicara - Mecca - Protein
Merinova - cassine - (from crushed milk) - Italy
Fibrolane kesin (from crushed milk) - United States
Alginate alginic acid, by sea grass - United Kingdom
(C). Synthetic fibers:
1. Polyamide Nylon 66 (Nylon 66) Hexamethylene Dimamine, United Kingdom, United States, Canada
Adipic acid
Amylon - Hexamiline diumin, adipic acid - Japan
Nylon 6 (Nylon 6), Parlen Caprallectam - Western Germany
Nylon 11 (Nylon 11) Sibasic Acid - France, Hungary,
Rilsan
2-polyester (Terylene) terethylic acid United States, Germany
3-Poly-Acrilic Orlon, Acrilon, Acrylnitril United States, England
Dynitril - Belgium, Canada, France, Western Germany etc.
Darlan, Jeffran - Polyethylan - England
4-polyethylene - Courlene - Italy
5-polypropylene - Moplen - vinyl chloride - United States
6-Polivinyl Acetate - Avisco Vinyon - Vinyl Alcohol - Japan
7-polyalcohol - Vinyon-vinylidine chloride and viril chloride - France Germany
8-polycleride - Rhovyl, Vininidine chloride and Vinyl chloride - Japan
9-trivinyl chloride (Pe Ce)
10-polyvinylidine chloride - Saran, virilidine chloride - United States, England, Japan, France
11-Polysterite Dobarna United States
12-Polytaphluor ethylene Teflon United States
(D). Mineral fiber (glass) silica sand, limestone
Industrial Application
The use of these man-made fibers is not limited to textile; But they also have many other industrial uses. Some main uses are:
Bubblefill
Viscose is made of fibers, in which the air is lascivious. It is used to make the insulator medium of life jacket, pontoon, raft and airborne costumes. Rayon is also used in making surgical dressing.
Cellulose acetate
Beautiful women wear beautiful clothes and bathrobes. It is also used for making tie, dressing gowns and collars for men. It has more dielectric strength. Hence it is also used as an insulator for electric wire and coil.
Tenasco and Fortisan
There are large-scale sedimentary fibers of tenacite. Tenasco is used in the construction of tires, carrier rails and ropes of motors and aircraft. In synthetic fibers, fertosis is the most vigorous; its firmness is 7 grams per danier. Its main use is to make tire ropes. It is widely used in making parachute cloth.
Alginate
The characteristic of these fibers is that they are flame proof due to the elemental alginets. Therefore they are used exclusively for the making of theaters with curtains and fire.
Nylon
Its firmness is also high (from 4.5 to 7 gram per denier). It is also used in making parachute cloth, rope, harness and glider rope. Monolithic (monofilament) Nylon is used to make teeth, clothes, hair and bottle cleaning brush and typewriter lace. Tarpaulins made of this are also very light and durable. Nylon is a great fit to make airplane gasoline tank. Nylon is a very suitable medium for filtering electroplating fluid, rock fluid and strong liquids. Nylon is also used in making carrier stripe. Nylon monouns are also made from surgical suture and ligature.
Vinian
This protects the filter pad and the chemical work of chemical workers. Due to being water resistant it is good use for making fishing nets and ropes.
Saran
It is inhibited enough for bacteria, insects and juices. Therefore, it has special use in making figurative curtains of musical, filtrate, motto and kitchen utensils. Saran cloth is also applied on the walls of art and cinemas, so that no cigarette smoke has any effect on them. By inserting Saran's lining in steel tubes, it becomes obstructive to the urinary tract. The use of polyvinyl chlorides is similar to Saran.
Orlan
It is used in the making of anode bag in the electric field.
Glass fiber
Due to its being a firefire, lifespan is suitable for boats and oil tanks. Stapulal fibers are suitable for glass cloth, electrolysis and heat dissociation.
Polythene
Due to chemical standing, it is widely used as a plastic. It also has special use in the supply of chemicals on the inventory or in the formation of chemical resistant tubes and holders.
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