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Petroleum

PETROLEUM (पेट्रोलियम) Petrol At some places in nature, a thick, viscous and dark colored liquid is found under the rock, which mainly contains aliphatic hydrocarbons up to C 1 to C 40 , this fluid is called refined oil or petroleum. The word petroleum is derived from the Latin words petra and olium which is found under rocks within the earth, hence it is also called mineral oil. Within the earth, this fluid floats above the salt solution. A gas atmosphere exists along with the floating petroleum inside the Earth, which is called natural gas. Petroleum is also called liquid gold. In the present era, this fluid is more valuable than gold for any nation. The progress of any nation depends to a large extent on how much petroleum it has. Its use is very important in various tasks like agricultural industry, traffic communication etc. This oil is found in the highest amount in the United States. Russia Venezuela is also found in greater quantities in Mexico, Burma etc. ...
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Law of Constant Proportions (Proust-1799)

Law of Constant Proportions (Proust-1799)

स्थिर अनुपात का नियम (प्राउस्ट,1799)

(a) According to this rule, "In each chemical of a chemical compound the same elements are present and their mass ratio is also fixed or according to the mass of a compound the elemental composition is always fixed."

Constant Proportion Law
Constant Proportion Law

                             This rule was rendered by the East. They studied the natural and synthetic samples of  CuCO3 and found that the combination of both samples is similar.

(Cu = 51.4%, O = 38.8%, C = 9.7%)

(b) This rule was revised by stas who composed compounds of various methods and found that compounds of the obtained compounds are similar.

For example: -


         1.) By heating CaCO3 -

                           CaCO3 = CaO + CO2

        2.) By heating NaHCO3 -

                     2NaHCO3 = Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

         3.) Acceleration by carbon -

                     C + O2 = CO2

         4.) By the action of CaCO3 and HCl -

                CaCO3 + 2HCl + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

  • The ratio of C: O (in mass) to CO2 obtained by the above methods 12: 32.
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