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Petroleum

PETROLEUM (पेट्रोलियम) Petrol At some places in nature, a thick, viscous and dark colored liquid is found under the rock, which mainly contains aliphatic hydrocarbons up to C 1 to C 40 , this fluid is called refined oil or petroleum. The word petroleum is derived from the Latin words petra and olium which is found under rocks within the earth, hence it is also called mineral oil. Within the earth, this fluid floats above the salt solution. A gas atmosphere exists along with the floating petroleum inside the Earth, which is called natural gas. Petroleum is also called liquid gold. In the present era, this fluid is more valuable than gold for any nation. The progress of any nation depends to a large extent on how much petroleum it has. Its use is very important in various tasks like agricultural industry, traffic communication etc. This oil is found in the highest amount in the United States. Russia Venezuela is also found in greater quantities in Mexico, Burma etc. ...
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Law of multiple proportions (Dalton)

Law of Multiple Proportions (Dalton) 

गुणित अनुपात का नियम (डाल्टन)

(a) According to this rule,
                                             "When the two elements together make two or more chemical compounds, then a certain amount of an element that combines with different quantities of the other element has a simple math ratio."

Law of Multiple proportion
Law of Multiple proportion

(b) Considered two elements A and B combine together to form two compounds. In these compounds, different amounts of B coincide with the fixed quantities of A. There is a simple math ratio in different quantities of these B, which coincide with a certain amount of A.

(c) Examples of the rules of mathematical ratios are as follows-

  1.) The production of CO and O is produced by CO and O. In CO C: O is 12: 16, whereas C : O is 12: 32 in CO2 or ratio of O in CO and CO2  is 16 : 32.
 i.e. 1 : 2 is a simple math ratio.

 2.) N and O form five permanent oxides by acting together, which is N2O, N2O3, N2O4 and N2O5, these oxides have the ratio of the amount of oxygen acting with 28g N 16: 32 : : 48: 64: 80 that is 1: 2 : : 3: 4 is a simple mathematical ratio.

 3.) In H2O and H2O2, 2 grams H interacts with 16 and 32 grams of O and their ratio is 16 : 32 that is 1 : 2.
(d) Exceptions are found in this rule after exploring isotopes.
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Law of Constant Proportions (Proust-1799)

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