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Petroleum

PETROLEUM (पेट्रोलियम) Petrol At some places in nature, a thick, viscous and dark colored liquid is found under the rock, which mainly contains aliphatic hydrocarbons up to C 1 to C 40 , this fluid is called refined oil or petroleum. The word petroleum is derived from the Latin words petra and olium which is found under rocks within the earth, hence it is also called mineral oil. Within the earth, this fluid floats above the salt solution. A gas atmosphere exists along with the floating petroleum inside the Earth, which is called natural gas. Petroleum is also called liquid gold. In the present era, this fluid is more valuable than gold for any nation. The progress of any nation depends to a large extent on how much petroleum it has. Its use is very important in various tasks like agricultural industry, traffic communication etc. This oil is found in the highest amount in the United States. Russia Venezuela is also found in greater quantities in Mexico, Burma etc. ...
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Law of equivalent proportions OR Law of reciprocal proportions : (Richter)

Law of equivalent proportions OR Law of reciprocal proportions : (Richter)

(तुल्य अनुपात का नियम अथवा 

व्युत्क्रम अनुपात का नियम : रिक्टर)

(a) "The quantities of two elements A and B, which perform the same amount of third element C, have a simple multiplication ratio or ratio of integers."
chemistry proportion law
chemistry proportion law

(b) This rule can be interpreted as follows -

1.) Nitrogen (A) and oxygen (B) act with hydrogen (C) and form NH3 and H2O.

2.) Perform 1 gram H, 4.66 grams N (in NH3) and 8 grams O (in H2O). Therefore, the ratio of the quantities of N and O acting with fixed amount of H

                        = 4.66 / 8 = 0.583

3.) When N and O interact with each other, then the ratio of the quantities of N and O

                        = 14/32 = 0.875

4.) Since, 0.875 = n * 0.583

                                  n = 3/2 is the ratio of two integers.

(c) To illustrate this, the following example -

1.) 2 grams H, with 16 grams of O, makes 18 grams of H2O.

2.) 2 grams H, with 32 grams of S, makes 34 grams of H2S.

3.) 32 gram S, with 32 grams of O, creates 64 grams of SO2.

                 That is, S : O is 32 : 32 in SO2, which is double the amount of S : O, which is acting in H2S and H2O with 2 grams of H.


chemistry proportion law
chemistry proportion law

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